The United States Constitution is an example of a constitution that lays out the structure and function of government, as well as the rights and duties of citizens. The Constitution establishes both executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government, which are independently controlled by separate sets of checks and balances to ensure a system with limited power for any one group or individual. This constitutional republic was a first in many ways: it established the only form of government based on popular sovereignty - 'that all just powers derive from the consent of the governed' - ever to have been signed into law. It also established systems and procedures that have enabled the United States to remain a model of stability and enduring strength for the world. Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution describes the powers delegated to Congress: declaring war, raising and supporting armies, providing and maintaining a Navy, regulating commerce with foreign nations and among the states as well as with Indian tribes, establishing post offices and post roads, coining money, fixing standards of weights and measures, establishing a uniform rule of naturalization as well as copyright protection for authors or inventors 'to promote the progress of science and useful arts'. The Constitution also vests Congress with powers 'necessary and proper' to carry out its responsibilities. Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution outlines the powers and responsibilities delegated to the president. He is commander-in-chief of the armed forces, a member of the National Security Council, and head of state. Article III establishes a judiciary comprising a Supreme Court and other federal courts. Congress may make laws for these courts under their 'judicial power' to interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional. In addition, it vests the federal judiciary with the 'judicial power' to adjudicate cases involving violations of treaties between states or foreign nations as well as cases that involve U.S. citizens who are suing a state government or its officials for a grievance relating to their rights as citizens under Article IV. Article IV establishes the rights of citizens to sue state governments and its officials in federal courts. Similarly, it establishes individual rights for U.S. citizens residing in other nations to sue states and their officials in national courts for grievances of a similar nature. The cases that may be adjudicated by the federal courts under this 'judicial power' include: Article V of the Constitution specifies that if a state of the union rejects the Constitution and amends it, ratification of any such new amendment requires approval from three-fourths of all states. If there is still no active ratification effort after seven years, then such an amendment can become part of the Constitution through an amendment process under Article V. Article VI specifies the procedure to amend the Constitution. This process is outlined in Article V. Amendments must be put before Congress, where they are considered under the 'power of Congress to propose amendments' in Article I, Section 8. The amendment process includes three steps: The first step requires approval of two-thirds of both houses of Congress; the second requires approval by three-fourths (38) of the states; and finally, if that fails, then it can be approved by conventions assembled in special circumstances specified in Article V. Article VII establishes that 'no state shall enter into any treaty...with a foreign power...without the consent of congress.
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